Archive for the ‘Application Stories’ Category

Force Measurement Determines The Effect of Girth Tension on Horse Gait

Friday, January 7th, 2011

Moulton College, Northampton – Using electrical systems for the measurement of mechanical forces is by no means limited to machines and laboratory based applications. In her recently completed research thesis ‘Girth Tensions and their Effects on Equine Stride Characteristics’, Sue Wright of Moulton College Northampton used load cells, motion sensors and GPS amongst other technologies to measure and record the tension within the girth strap used to hold the saddle in place.

The aim of the investigation was to determine if girth tension affects equine stride characteristics.  The positioning and tightening of the girth strap has traditionally been based on the rider’s preference or own training, in the knowledge that too loose or too tight would be dangerous to both rider and horse.

Equine Girth Strap Force Measurement in Action at Moulton College

It is well known that optimum girth tension varies between the size and type of horse, the activity –racing etc and the type of girth. However there is little if any published information on girth tension and how this may affect the locomotion of the horse, that is duration, stride length and speed.

A custom designed S-type tension load cell was used to continuously monitor the tension in the girth during the period under test. The load cell was mounted almost vertically alongside the chest of the horse where unwanted torsional effects on the load cell would be at their minimum, it was fitted to the strap via rod-end bearings and a cam buckle so that minute changes to the girth tension could be made.

This was connected to a T24 telemetry module, located in a pouch on top of the saddle which transmitted the force measurement reading wirelessly to a telemetry base station located nearby.  This was plugged into a laptop that served to both power it and log the tension reading.

Extensive testing on 19 horses at 4 girth tension settings were conducted resulting in definite conclusions on the effect of girth tension on the speed, stride length, stride duration and walk.

This application is typical of the way in which Applied Measurements’ custom force sensors are helping all sectors of research and development as well as solving the needs of industrial production.

For more information on our custom force sensors capabilities and other load measurement products, please contact us on 0118 9817339 or email info@appmeas.co.uk

High Accuracy Displacement Sensors Use Strain Gauge Technology

Wednesday, April 14th, 2010

AML/SGD-100mm Strain Gauge Displacement TransducerAs a result of increased demand from customers preferring to use a strain gauge based measuring system, we have introduced a 0–100mm version to our range of high accuracy displacement transducers.

Based on a four-arm Wheatstone-Bridge design with a nominal impedance of 350 Ohms, the design ensures excellent non-linearity, low power consumption and excellent temperature stability.  Additionally, the characteristics of strain gauge based sensors provide higher accuracy linear sensing than that of less accurate and lower resolution LVDT sensors.

These advantages of our high accuracy displacement sensors have been realised by Oxfordshire based company Fugro GeoConsulting Limited, who use the existing 0-50mm version of the sensors within their accredited geotechnical soil-testing laboratory.  This high-tech establishment tests soil samples in order to predict how they will behave when subject to the stresses and loads that planned new buildings will place on them. The lab has worked on many major projects including some of the world’s tallest buildings, biggest bridges and countless oil & gas rigs and wind turbine sites. The loads being simulated in the lab include the varying effects of wind, wave, tide and earthquake action, as well as the dead weight of the building itself.  The sensors are used (together with submersible load cells, also from Applied Measurements) to accurately monitor small changes in the dimensions of the samples as tests progress.

Fugro’s Laboratory Manager, Roger Brown, said “We test soil samples from all over the world and considerable time and effort is spent retrieving them from varied and often challenging locations, for example from the seabed at deep water locations in the Atlantic Ocean and as such, each sample is unique and expensive to collect.  In addition, some tests can take several weeks to perform.  The lab gets one shot only at each test and hence we need confidence in the testing equipment so that the results can be relied upon”.  Because these sensors operate at similar voltage levels and produce output signals compatible with other commonly used strain gauge sensors such as load cells and pressure transducers, they can easily form part of the same measurement chain in one central instrumentation system.

The AML/SGD high accuracy displacement sensors operate on low cost DC strain indicators or digital voltmeters, whereas standard LVDT transducers require conversion of the signals to achieve the same level of compatibility.  The simplicity of this type of measurement requiring no further processing of the basic signal, can make this type of test or measurement significantly more attractive to a user.

Additionally, strain gauge based displacement transducers exhibit typical non-linearity errors of a quarter of that of typical LVDT’s.  As with other strain gauge devices, the resolution is infinite and strain sensitivity is constant with a stabilized input voltage between 1.5Vdc and 15Vdc.

The range of AML-SGD displacement sensors are precision assemblies contained within a rugged stainless steel outer casing. The internal construction of the AML/SGD transducer ensures a smooth, virtually frictionless movement of the inner core, resulting in high overall accuracy of <±0.1% on 0-5mm, 0-10mm and 0-25mm models, <±0.15% on the 0-50mm model and <±0.25% on the 0-100mm model.

The return force of the spindle is maintained at a minimum level for effective operation when installed upside-down, without having to attach the spindle to the subject.  This makes the sensor less intrusive to the application when measuring on soft or pliable materials.  The sensors are designed for long life and excellent mechanical reliability, hence the 3-year manufacturing warranty offered.  This is evidenced by existing applications where these transducers have passed 14 million cycles in normal operation.  And unlike some LVDT transducers, the AML/SGD product is completely serviceable by the manufacturer in the event of damage in use.

Any transducer device would be quite useless without means of providing appropriate supply voltage and output signal and this is often a significant part of any data acquisition programme.  The AML/SGD range of high accuracy displacement sensors ensure these costs remain at a minimum, by utilising strain gauge signal inputs of existing data acquisition equipment.  In this way, these displacement sensors limit expenditure to the cost of the sensor only, thus eliminating further capital outlay on dedicated instrumentation.

However these advantages would be of no use if this combination of user benefits meant extended lead times.  As such it is the policy of Applied Measurements to keep most standard ranges in stock, meaning that the payback period is shorter and the benefits can be realised sooner.

Compact, rugged and easy-to-install, AML/SGD high accuracy displacement transducers are used by industries such as R&D, machine builders, automotive, marine and geotechnical.  The total cost of ownership of instrumentation is now more relevant than ever for these industries and improvements in the versatility of sensors that allow their use with simple DC signal conditioning is but one method of spreading the life costs.

For more information on the range of AML/SGD range of high accuracy displacement transducers please see the AML/SGD Product Page or PDF Datasheet.  Alternatively, please call us 0118 981 7339 or send an email to: info@appmeas.co.uk

Bolt-On Weighing Systems

Monday, March 29th, 2010

BOSS-F bolt-on load cell installed on a silo legFitting a weighing system to an existing silo, hopper or tank using a conventional load cell system can be expensive, disruptive and sometimes even impossible.  UK sensor experts Applied Measurements Ltd offer a solution to these problems by using a simple bolt-on load transducer.

This weighing approach is cost effective and quick to install, causes a minimum of production down time and is ideal as a retrofitted system. The BOSS bolt-on sensor is a well-proven robust product consisting of a strain-gauged element encased in a protective housing.  It is simply bolted to a structural member of the silo and deflects under the changing weight conditions, to give a varying electrical output relative to the load.

Bob Davies, general manager at Applied Measurements comments “with more than 25 years experience of bolt-on sensors, we assess the suitability of this method of measurement for each individual enquiry, including an on-site survey if required. This ensures the feasibility of a successful installation at the outset and we will commit to the accuracy likely to be achievable”.  The very first consideration is the available stress for the sensor to measure and this is broadly dependent on the load applied and the design of the supporting structure it is mounted on.

Bolt-on systems are more than adequate for the majority of vessel weighing or level monitoring systems, where accuracy in the order of 1% – 2% is acceptable.  We bolt the standard transducers to a suitable supporting member such as a leg, girder, channel or pipe.  However in some applications custom profiled mounting blocks may be required to suit the profile of the supporting steelwork.

For a system to be viable the load to be measured should be between 3000psi and 10,000psi.  The accuracy achieved depends on a number of factors, but most significantly the amount of available strain to be measured.

Each BOSS sensor has an average sensitivity of 1.7mV/V for 10,000PSI.

As a general rule, sensors mounted internally will give the best results. With external systems there will often be a margin of error due to zero shift, which is a result of differential expansion due to solar radiation but even this can be nullified to an extent.  The accuracy achieved will be very dependent on the positioning of the sensor on the steelwork.

Accuracy Bands

  • 3,000 – 5,000     PSI     gives +/- 2 to 3% or better
  • 5,000 – 7,500     PSI     gives +/- 1 to 2% or better
  • 7,500 – 10,000   PSI     gives +/- 1%

Typical Application

A 220T cement silo on a 6-leg pipe section frame, giving 6000PSI total available signal.  Our customer required best accuracy for batching to supply ships and road tankers. As the available signal was good but not exceptional, we suggested 2x BOSS bolt-on sensors per leg to minimise errors and maximise accuracy.  The result is that the customer can batch to ships +/- 1Tonne in 100T and +/-0.5Tonne in 30T.  To minimise the effect of temperature, each Bolt-on sensor is fully insulated after installation

Suitable instrumentation to accompany the bolt-on sensors includes: mains or battery-operated digital displays, local amplifiers allowing the signals to be monitored in a control room or a telemetry system for wireless monitoring via a remote hand-held receiver or a control room PC system.

For more information on the range of BOSS sensors please visit our bolt-on load cells page, or call us on 0118 981 7339 or email: info@appmeas.co.uk

LowStir Friction Stir Welding System

Thursday, March 11th, 2010

Friction stir welding is a welding process invented by TWI in 1991.  The process involves a spinning tool, in contact with the material to be welded, with sufficient down force to create frictional heat in the material (about 80% of the material’s melting point).  This causes the material to become soft, allowing the spinning tool to create the weld.

Friction stir welding is now widely used in the aerospace, automotive, rail and ship building industries.

Unlike other friction stir welders, the LowStir friction stir welding LowStir Welding Unit In Action - Image 1system includes a unit that attaches to most standard milling machines via an ISO taper, making it an affordable option to smaller enterprises.  It is supplied with software to calibrate the system, monitor the welding process and log welding parameters for later analysis.

The current LowStir base system comprises the necessary hardware and software to convert a suitable milling machine to a LowStir stir-welding system including an ISO taper (or equivalent) to fit it to the milling machine.  Since this depends on the particular machine, the size and type of taper must be specified when requesting a quotation (as costs of tapers can vary).

Benefits of Friction Stir Welding

  • Improved weld properties (e.g. strength, fatigue) compared to arc welding or riveting.  Joint efficiencies of 75-96% have been reported depending on materials.
  • Because it is a solid phase process (where the materials are joined without melting) no shielding gases or filler materials are required. Furthermore, there is almost complete elimination of weld distortion and solidification defects.
  • Operators do not need special qualifications or certification.
  • There’s no arc welding, gas emissions or weld spatter involved.
  • Vastly reduced preparation and reworking time reduces costs, time and labour requirements.
  • Low power consumption; The only energy required is to rotate the tool and apply force to it to create the frictional heat.  Without the large current requirements of arc welding, energy consumption can be reduced by 80% plus.

The LowStir System

Specifically, the basic components of the system are as follows:

1) LowStir Mk.2 sensor head unit including tool holder and heat shield disc.  This is supplied already bolted together as a complete system including the ISO taper, ready for installation in the milling machine head.

The LowStir unit is capable of measuring:

  • Down force (Fz) to 50kN
  • Lateral force (Fxy) to 25kN
  • Torque (Mz) to 100Nm
  • Temperature of the welding tool via an internal thermistor

The unit will run at rotation speeds of up to 3000rpm and log data at software selectable rates from 1Hz to 100 Hz.

2) Inbuilt battery.  When fully charged, the LowStir unit’s inbuilt battery has a battery life of approximately 10 hours.  The unit is supplied with a battery charger, which can recharge this battery from the mains.  The charger automatically deactivates when the charge is full, so the unit can be safely left to recharge overnight.

3) Jack plug switch.  The unit is also supplied with a jack plug switch which can be inserted to completely disable the unit and store any remaining charge.

4) Set of tool assemblies.  A typical assembly comprises a low wear shank and a replaceable tool (probe).  If you order one tool type there will be one shank and ten probes supplied.  If you order two different types of tool then there will be two shanks (one for each material to be welded) and five probes supplied for each of the two shanks.

5) Taper.  As mentioned above, the system includes an ISO taper or equivalent specific to the milling machine to which the LowStir is to be attached.  The size and type of taper required must be detailed in advance, and ordering the incorrect taper will make it impossible to fit the LowStir unit.

6) Software for monitoring and recording various parameters of the weld.  Note that the software is supplied uninstalled and uncalibrated.  We strongly recommend the optional laptop package, as this is supplied with the software and Bluetooth connection fully set-up and calibrated.  See Optional Extras below for more details.

Optional ExtrasLowStir Welding Unit In Action - Image 2

The following are optional extras that can be supplied at extra cost.  Please specify any extras required when requesting a quotation.

1) Internal temperature probe.  The system can be supplied with an internal probe which is used to monitor the temperature of the weld pool via a probe fitted to the inside of the welding tool holder.

2) Laptop. The software can be provided ready installed on a laptop computer.  In addition, the software will be calibrated for the specific LowStir unit, and the Bluetooth connections established between the laptop and the unit.  It is strongly recommended that this option is taken, as it means that the system is ‘plug and play’ and removes the need to calibrate the system on-site.

Licence

Please Note: Currently you will need a licence from TWI to carry out friction stir welding.  This applies to ALL forms of friction stir welding, including using LowStir.  Please contact TWI or David Johnson at Applied Measurements Ltd for more information.

Underwater Load Cell offers Tension and Compression Measurement

Thursday, March 15th, 2007

dden-200x200When approached by one of our customers to design a load cell for underwater tension measurement, We looked at our core range of products and decided the DDE style load cell, which features M12x1.75 male threads at each end, would best meet the customer’s requirement, but this model as standard is only rated to IP65.

With a small, quick and cost effective re-design we changed the construction to Stainless Steel with two halves locking together with a seal.  Internally it was further protected by back-filling with an inert waterproof gel.  The electrical termination is a tough IP68 multicore cable that is connected through an IP68 cable gland, to complete fully submersible sealing.

The new underwater load cell has been designated as the DDEN series.

By modifying an existing product we were able to keep the cost and delivery time down to suit our customers needs, whilst displaying our capability to modify or design a product quickly and efficiently.

Click here to view the DDEN Submersible Load Cell product page.

High Volume, Low Cost OEM Strain Sensing Beam

Monday, April 10th, 2006

mini-strain-beam-200x200The requirement was to design and manufacture a simple strain sensing beam to fit into a very confined space and meet a stringent budget.  Following several months of design, development and creation the final product is manufactured from a high grade alloy steel requiring minimal additional machining.  A single strain gauge containing a full Wheatstone bridge is bonded to the beam in a specific position to maximise the sensitivity and accuracy.

During development a bespoke calibration system was also built to ensure that each strain sensing beam was accurately positioned and loaded for consistent quality.

Following the successful acceptance trials and approval by our customer, the strain sensing beam has been put into full production, which is expected to exceed 2000 pieces per year.

This is a typical example of our design, development and manufacturing capabilities in the field of bonded strain gauge technology.

Strain-Gauged Chain Link Measures Tension in Poultry Plant Conveyor System

Wednesday, February 1st, 2006

gauged-chain-link-150x150The plant was experiencing severe chain wear problems causing loss of production.  It was suspected that this was due to excessive tension at certain points in the system.  The challenge was to identify these areas, which could only be done effectively in a live running situation.

Applied Measurements Ltd were supplied with a standard link from the chain, this was modified to enable strain gauges to be bonded to the structure, creating a strain-gauged chain link.  The transformation of the link into a load cell was completed by terminating with a four core screened cable, environmental protective coatings and calibration.

The strain-gauged chain link was then installed in the standard process chain and fitted with a portable data logger, this enabled the special link to map the forces around the system allowing adjustments to be made where required to ensure even tension, reducing chain wear and system stoppages.

Batch Weighing System Controlled Through Touchscreen Technology

Tuesday, July 5th, 2005

touchscreen-system-150x150Applied Measurements Ltd was asked to design a batch weighing system where the ingredients of each batch would constantly vary.  To weigh the batches into the barrels AML built a stainless steel weighing platform incorporating load cells to the specific size required by the customer.  As the barrels could be dropped on to the weighing platform, positive overload stops were included to protect the load cells.

The output signal from the weighing platform is fed into a digital display, which has two set point relays.  Connected to the digital there is also a touch screen display, this enables the operator to see the live reading, the batch reading, the total batches and a numeric keypad to input the individual batch size.  The touch screen controls the set point relays in the digital display.

Also built into the control panel were two further digital indicators connected to PT100 studded-platform-150x150temperature probes monitoring two mixing vessels.  The complete batch weighing system was set up to let the batching control proceed, however if one of the mixing vessels temperatures went out of range the relays of the digital indicators would cut the pumps to the main mixing vessel.  The operator at a glance can see his two temperature readings, his live weight on the platform and has full control of his batching.

The total flexibility of the touch screen technology means that AML could program the batch weighing system to suit the customer’s requirements, including showing the customer’s name and logo on screen.  The use of the touch screen technology enables AML to offer a very cost effective flexible process control system for a diverse range of applications.

Special Annular Load Cell Measures Tensioning System Spring Force

Wednesday, June 1st, 2005

spring-tensioner-200x200The overall tension in the system is controlled by a spring mechanism against an idler wheel.  Some form of load measurement was required, but it had to fit into the existing system, which did not allow space for a standard off-the-shelf load cell.

Applied Measurements Ltd designed and manufactured a custom load cell based on the CCG load cell concept, but to exactly fit the existing mechanical dimensions.  It had to be annular to allow the tensioning system to fit through the centre and to be extremely low in height to replace an existing washer.

To complete the system each load cell was supplied calibrated with a digital indicator containing 4 changeover relays.  Each system operated from a 240Vac supply, giving the system operators a visual reference of the tension in the system, plus the relays controlled an early warning alarm system allowing preventative maintenance.

Hand Force Load Cell Enables Grip Measurement

Tuesday, March 1st, 2005

hand-force-200x200The grip measurement application required the design of a custom built hand force load cell to enable the customer to determine the ratio between gripping force and friction coefficients of various materials.  The length and overall diameter of the finished transducer were stipulated by the customer and it was important that the load cell could be gripped at any point along its length without compromising the sensitivity and accuracy.

Successful grip measurement was achieved by utilising the basic single point load cell principles but adapting them to meet the dimension specifications.  To enable transducer to be used in a variety of locations, it was calibrated to UKAS Standards with our portable battery powered PD100 Indicator.

From the initial consultation through design and manufacture took only 6 weeks.  This is a typical example of our design and manufacturing capabilities for custom specials.